✅ Immediate treatment of APAC ✍ Systemic ☝ acetazolamide 500mg IV ☝ 250mg PO 4×/day ✍ Ipsilateral eye ☝ β-blocker (timolol 0.5% 2×/day ). ☝ Sympathomimetic (apraclonidine 1% ). ☝ Steroid (prednisolone 1% every 30–60min). ☝ Pilocarpine 2%...

✅ ICE versus PPD Iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) ✍ A unilateral ✍ abnormal corneal endothelium migrates across the angle, the trabecular meshwork, and the anterior iris, so causing significant anterior segment distortion. ✍rare ✍ occurs...

✍️ common causative organism Candida albicans ✍️ higher fungus of the class Blastomycetes. ✍️ yeast-like reproduces by budding ✍️ imperfect with no sexual stage ✍️ commensal of skin, mouth, and vagina ✍️ opportunistic systemic infection may...

☝️APMPPE ( acute Posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy ) ☝️ serpiginous choriodopathy( SC) ☝️bird shot chorioretinopathy ☝️ multifocal choroiditis with panuveitis ( MCP) ☝️PIC ( punctate inner choriodopathy ) ☝️AZOOR ( acute...

✍️single layer of polygonal (mainly hexagonal) cells arranged in a mosaic ( 10 microns thick ) ✍️ derived from the neural crest cell ( 2nd migration wave ) ✍️ Don’t proliferate but...

✍️ B-scan echograms are read from left (probe contact with globe) to right (orbital echoes). ✍️ some other scanners, it is read from top to bottom of the echogram. ✍️...

✍️ typically categorized by age of onset ☝️ Congenital (occurs in infants < 3 months old) • primary • secondary • syndromic ☝️ Infantile (between 3 months and 3 years of age) ☝️ Juvenile...

✍️ one dimensional display of returning echoes. ✍️ frequently employed for two purposes 💧 calculate axial eye length by measuring distance between echo spikes 💧 obtain tissue diagnosis by measuring the amplitude and pattern...

✍️ Most patients have excellent results after refractive surgery. ✍️ A small minority of patients have ☝️ visual complications ☝️ unsatisfactory visual outcomes. ✍️ unsatisfactory visual outcomes can be minimized by ☝️ careful patient selection ☝️ meticulous...

✍️irregular dilation of the capillary bed and segmental dilation of neighbouring venules and arterioles ✍️ Most commonly acquired secondary to another retinal disorder ✍️ primary forms also exist ✅ Retinal telangiectasias Causes: ✍️ primary...