✍️ sporadic disorder of the outer blood retinal barrier ✍️ localized detachment of sensory retina at the macula secondary to focal RPE defect ✍️ usually affecting only one eye . ✍️ the risk factors of...

✍️ Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite ✍️ infect almost up to 50% of the world’s population. ✍️ lifetime risk of ocular toxoplasmosis is around 18/100,000 in the UK, but up to...

✍️ improved aqueous drainage is achieved surgically without penetrating into the AC at the time of initial surgery. ✍️ Controversy continues regarding  ☝️ long-term success rate ☝️ the long learning curve associated with these challenging...

✍️ Posterior segment evaluation with OCT allows visualization of the vitreous, retinal layers, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the choroidal layers. OCT basics OCT basics  OCT basics ( Vitreous ) ✍️ The posterior...

✍️ epithelial signs  ✍️ stromal signs  ✍️ endothelial signs  Epithelial signs  ✍️ Punctate epithelial erosions ☝️ Multiple fine areas of epithelial loss ☝️ stain well with Flurescene and poorly with Lissamine Green ☝️ causes 👁Superior • VKC...

  ✍️ Redundant, loose, nonedematous inferior bulbar conjunctiva interposed between globe and lower eyelid ✍️ etiology exactly unknown ☝️ elastoid degeneration ☝️loss of adhesion between conjunctiva and sclera ☝️thinning of...

A practice capsule for ophthalmologists ✍️ the most commonly obtained ancillary test in neuro-ophthalmology. ✍️ provides excellent contrast resolution between soft tissues ✍️ multiplanar imaging can be done without repositioning the patient. ✍️ Various...

✍ high IOP ( the only modifiable risk factor and diagnosis of glaucoma can be made without ) never forget this point ✍ Abnormal disc ✍ consistent VF defect consistent with RNFL defect...

 Intraconal–axial proptosis ☝ TRO ☝Hemangioma ☝Varix ☝Optic nerve sheath meningioma ☝Optic nerve glioma ☝Metastasis  Extraconal superior orbital mass with inferior displacement of the globe( dystopia) ☝Dermoid cyst ☝Lacrimal gland tumor ☝Mucocele...

 Patient preparation ✍ Ensure mydriasis ☝cyclopentolate 1 % ☝phenylephrine 2.5% ☝ diclofenac 0.1 %. ✍ Check consent form whether complete or not ✍ Check any new ophthalmic problems (evidence of active infection) ✍ Mark side...