Anatomy and physiology of the eyelids ✍️ the eyelids are vital to the maintenance of ocular surface integrity. ✍️ mechanical barrier to a variety of insults ✍️ sweeping mechanism to...

How does PVD and RD look in USG and how to differentiate   How PVD looks in USG: ✍️ It can be focal or extensive and may be completely separated...

✅ Ocular HTN or glaucoma suspect : a patient with IOP above normal range (11 -21 mmHg) without any reported VF or optic disc changes characteristic for glaucoma  ✅ To cut it...

Specific precautions when operating Nanophthalmic eye Simple microphthalmos • Short axial length (>2 SD smaller than age-based normative) • no other ocular malformations. ✍️ Relative anterior microphthalmos • Normal axial...

Pediatric cataracts causes  ✍️ Idiopathic ✍️ Inherited/genetic  ✍️ Infection (transplacental) TORCH (Toxoplasmosis,Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes) ✍️ Iatrogenic: Steroid  ✍️ Irradiation ✍️ Injury blunt or penetrating injury ✍️ electrical  ✍️ Inflammatory (Uveitis) ...

✅ Choroidal Neovascular Membrane can be described based on : ✍️ location relative to the fovea ✍️ location relative to the RPE  ✍️ relative to FFA findings. ✅ Location Choroidal Neovascular Membrane relative to the...

✅ OCT interpretation shows: ✍️ increased retinal thickness with (loss of foveal contour ) throughout the macula and most prominently nasal to the center.  ✍️ A large cyst was identified directly in the...

Optical coherence tomography ( OCT) ✍️ high-resolution images of the neurosensory retina in a non-invasive manner.  ✍️ analogous to ultrasonography but measures light waves, rather than sound waves. ✍️ OCT...

Medical treatment in pediatric glaucomas Although management of pediatric glaucomas is almost always surgical( due to abnormal angle development),,, medical ttt has also a big role with special precautions (...

Anti-glaucoma drugs in pregnant and lactating women is always debatable issue...   On request from my dear colleague  ✅ summarized in the following points about anti-glaucoma drugs in pregnant and...