1- Turner syndrome (ovarian dysgenesis): 2- Androgen insensitive syndrome; (AIS): ♦ Synonyms; Testicular feminization syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis, target organ amenorrhea. ♦ Pathophysiology; - Chromosomal composition of this condition is 46...

Ovarian amenorrhea 1- Premature ovarian Failure; * Aetiology: Functional defect of ovary, may be - Constitutional; in some families. - Chromosomal: Missed or extra chromosomes, e.g. - Female mosaic turner...

Pituitary amenorrhea 1- Sheehan syndrome; - Ischemic necrosis of anterior pituitary after spasm in its arterioles. - Caused by severe hemorrhage and shock (usually postpartum). - Manifestations: * Impaired pituitary...

♦ Hypothalamic pulsatile secretion of GnRH controls pituitary gonadotrophins. ♦ Blood level of steroids controls hypothalamic production of GnRH. ♦ Also higher centers control GnRH production through neurotransmitters. ♦ Hypothalamic...

Menopause Definition: permanent cessation of menstruation for 6 – 12 months as a manifestation of climacteric. Climacteric: transitional phase lasting 2 – 5 years during which the genital organs involute....

Precocious puberty Early puberty = Pubertas praecox Definition: appearance of one or more of puberty landmarks before the age of 9 years. Types & causes: * Isosexual: (early feminization of...

Female Puberty Definition: it is a physiological phase lasting 2 – 5 years during which physical & sexual maturation occurs (adolescence means mental, physical & sexual maturation) Stages: 1. Thelarche:...

Cyclic changes in the cervical mucus and vaginal epithelium Cyclic changes in the cervical mucus Cyclic changes in the cervical mucus ♦ Thread test (Spinnbarkeit). - Technique: put a drop...

Endometrial cycle ♦ The endometrium is formed of 2 layers : - Basal layer: - Supplied by straight arterioles. - Doesn't undergo shedding (represents the reserve for endometrial regeneration). -...

Ovarian cycle ♦ The ovary is covered by germinal epithelium. ♦ It contains true cortex under this epithelium. ♦ The cortex contains specialized parenchyma & primordial follicles. ♦ At puberty:...